Abstract: Thrombopoietin (TPO) and its receptor MPL signaling pathway not only plays an important role in regulating the formation of megakaryocytes and platelets, but also regulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Studies have revealed that the aberrant expressions of TPO and MPL gene lead of chinese people’s Liberation Army to a series of abnormal signaling pathways, which are closely related to the myeloid neoplasms. The changes of TPO/MPL may be the initiating factor of the diseases, or resulted in disease relapse. TPO/MPL signaling pathway can hide leukemic cells in the bone marrow niche as residual lesion, protecting it from chemotherapy. The TPO receptor agonist, eltrombopag, can attenuate thrombocytopenia and inhibit the proliferation of leukemic cells. This article reviews the research progress of TPO/MPL signaling pathway in order to help the clinic find new targets for the treatment of myeloid tumors.