Safety analysis of Yttrium-90 resin microsphere selective internal radiation therapy on malignant liver tumors
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摘要:目的
探讨钇-90树脂微球选择性内放射治疗(Yttrium-90 resin microsphere selective internal radiation therapy,90Y-SIRT)在肝脏恶性肿瘤中应用的安全性。
方法回顾性选择2023年2月至2024年11月于潍坊市人民医院完成90Y-SIRT的64例肝脏恶性肿瘤患者,分析患者的临床特征和治疗后的不良反应发生情况,评估90Y-SIRT的安全性。
结果64例患者中,男性52例(81.25%)、女性12例(18.75%);年龄(56.29±11.08)岁。7例(10.94%)患者病灶最大径<5 cm、38例(59.38%)患者病灶最大径5~10 cm、19例(29.68%)患者病灶最大径>10 cm。病灶单发47例(73.44%)、多发17例(26.56%);原发性肝癌53例(82.81%)、转移性肝癌11例(17.19%)。64例患者中,63例患者顺利完成锝-99m标记的大颗粒聚合白蛋白(Technetium-99m-macroaggregated albumin,99mTc-MAA)灌注试验,并完成90Y-SIRT;1例患者因工作人员失误行2次99mTc-MAA 灌注试验后接受90Y-SIRT。主要不良反应:丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)升高1级26例(40.62%)、2级6例(9.37%),天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)升高1级27例(42.18%)、2级7例(10.93%),恶心1级17例(26.56%)、2级6例(9.37%),腹痛1级12例(18.75%)、2级5例(7.81%)、3级1例(1.56%),呕吐1级11例(17.18%)、2级5例(7.81%)、3级1例(1.56%)。
结论90Y-SIRT治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤的不良反应程度较轻,安全性较好。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the safety of Yttrium-90 resin microsphere selective internal radiation therapy (90Y-SIRT) on malignant liver tumors.
MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 64 patients with malignant liver tumors who underwent 90Y-SIRT from February 2023 to November 2024 at Weifang People’s Hospital. The clinical characteristics of the patients and the occurrence of adverse reactions after treatment were analyzed to assess the safety of 90Y-SIRT.
ResultsAmong the 64 patients, there were 52 males (81.25%) and 12 females (18.75%); the average age was (56.29±11.08) years. Seven patients (10.94%) had tumors with maximum diameter of less than 5 cm, 38 patients (59.38%) had tumors with maximum diameter of 5-10 cm, and 19 patients (29.68%) had tumors with maximum diameter of greater than 10 cm. There were 47 cases (73.44%) of solitary lesions and 17 cases (26.56%) of multiple lesions; 53 cases (82.81%) were primary liver cancers and 11 cases (17.19%) were metastatic liver cancers. Of the 64 patients, 63 successfully completed the Technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin (99mTc-MAA) perfusion test and received the 90Y-SIRT; one patient received 90Y-SIRT after the second 99mTc-MAA perfusion test due to a work error. The most common adverse reactions included grade 1 alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation in 26 cases (40.62%) and grade 2 in 2 cases (9.37%), grade 1 aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevation in 27 cases (42.18%) and grade 2 in 7 cases (10.93%); grade 1 nausea in 17 cases (26.56%) and grade 2 in 6 cases (9.37%); grade 1 abdominal pain in 12 cases (18.75%), grade 2 in 5 cases (7.81%), and grade 3 in 1 case (1.56%); grade 1 vomiting in 11 cases (17.18%), grade 2 in 5 cases (7.81%), and grade 3 in 1 case (1.56%).
ConclusionThe adverse reactions of 90Y-SIRT for treating malignant liver tumors are mild, indicating good safety.
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Keywords:
- Yttrium-90 /
- selective internal radiation therapy /
- malignant liver tumor /
- safety
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肝脏恶性肿瘤[包括肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)和胆管癌]是全球范围内导致癌症相关死亡的主要原因之一。流行病学研究[1]显示,HCC的发病率在高风险人群中逐渐下降,但在低风险人群中却呈上升趋势,这反映了肝癌发病机制的复杂性和多样性。肝脏恶性肿瘤的临床挑战包括早期诊断困难、治疗选择有限以及预后不良等[1]。鉴于此,探索新的治疗方法尤为重要。
钇-90树脂微球选择性内放射治疗(Yttrium-90 resin microsphere selective internal radiation therapy,90Y-SIRT)是一种新兴的局部放射疗法,主要用于治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤,尤其是HCC。其治疗原理是通过将放射性同位素90Y装载到微球中,然后通过动脉导管注入肿瘤血管,直接释放β射线以破坏肿瘤细胞。90Y的物理辐射半径仅2.5 mm左右,可减少对周围正常组织的辐射损伤和对环境的辐射污染[2]。90Y-SIRT的适应证主要包括无法手术切除的HCC、肝转移癌以及胆管癌等。该方法在临床应用中显示出良好的疗效,可提高患者的生活质量,延长其生存期[3]。本研究总结单中心接受90Y-SIRT的肝脏恶性肿瘤患者的临床特征和不良反应,评估其治疗安全性,旨在为该技术的进一步开展提供参考。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象
回顾性选择2023年2月至2024年11月潍坊市人民医院接受90Y-SIRT的64例肝脏恶性肿瘤患者,分析患者的临床特征以及治疗后不良反应。
1.2 治疗过程
本中心90Y-SIRT的适应证、禁忌证,锝-99m标记的大颗粒聚合白蛋白(Technetium-99m-macroaggregated albumin,99mTc-MAA)灌注试验,90Y-SIRT前后的评估项目以及具体操作流程见图1。
图 1 潍坊市人民医院90Y-SIRT流程Figure 1. Treatment process of 90Y-SIRT at Weifang People’s Hospital90Y-SIRT: Yttrium-90 resin microsphere selective internal radiation therapy; CT: computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; CBCT: cone beam computed tomography; TACE: transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; 99mTc-MAA: Technetium-99m-macroaggregated albumin; SPECT: single photon emission computed tomography; TNR: tumor to normal ratio; BSA: body surface area.1.3 观察指标
收集患者的一般资料,包括性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、病灶数目、病灶位置、肿瘤类型。采用卡氏功能状态评分(Kanofsky performance score,KPS)评价患者的健康状态,分值范围0~100分,得分越高,健康状况越好。记录90Y-SIRT术后的不良反应,采用美国国家癌症研究所不良事件通用术语标准(Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events,CTCEA)5.0版[4]进行不良反应评价和分级。
1.4 统计学处理
采用SPSS 26.0软件对相关数据进行分析。计数资料以n或n(%)表示,符合正态分布的计量资料以$ \overline{x} $±s表示。
2. 结 果
2.1 肝脏恶性肿瘤患者基线资料
64例患者中,男性52例(81.25%)、女性12例(18.75%);年龄(56.29±11.08)岁。7例(10.94%)患者肿瘤最大径<5 cm,38例(59.38%)患者肿瘤最大径5~10 cm,19例(29.68%)患者肿瘤最大径大于10 cm。病灶单发47例(73.44%)、多发17例(26.56%);原发性肝癌53例(82.81%),结直肠癌肝转移9例(14.06%),肺癌肝转移1例(1.56%),胃癌肝转移1例(1.56%);病灶位于单侧肝叶62例(96.88%),双侧肝叶2例(3.12%)。46例(71.87%)患者KPS大于90分,18例(28.12%)患者KPS 70~90分。
2.2 不良反应及安全性分析
结果(表1)显示:90Y-SIRT术后不良反应中,转氨酶升高的发生率最高。34例患者天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)升高、32例患者丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)升高,但均为1~2级。其他发生率较高的不良反应包括恶心、腹痛和呕吐,除了1例患者为3级腹痛、1例患者为3级呕吐外,均为1~2级,未发生4~5级不良反应。
表 1 肝脏恶性肿瘤患者90Y-SIRT术后不良反应Table 1. Adverse reactions after 90Y-SIRT in patients with malignant liver tumorsn(%) Adverse reaction Grading Total number 1 2 3 4-5 Nausea 17(26.56) 6(9.37) 0 0 23 Vomiting 11(17.18) 5(7.81) 1(1.56) 0 17 Fever 8(12.50) 3(4.68) 0 0 11 Diarrhea 3(4.68) 1(1.56) 0 0 4 Hypertension 3(4.68) 1(1.56) 0 0 4 Abdominal pain 12(18.75) 5(7.81) 1(1.56) 0 18 Fatigue 7(10.93) 1(1.56) 0 0 8 Increased ALT 26(40.62) 6(9.37) 0 0 32 Increased AST 27(42.18) 7(10.93) 0 0 34 Reflective pneumonia 0 0 0 0 0 90Y-SIRT: Yttrium-90 resin microsphere selective internal radiation therapy; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase. 3. 讨 论
3.1 90Y治疗的适用人群
适合90Y治疗的患者通常需要满足特定的临床条件,肝功能状态、肿瘤大小和位置、患者的整体健康状况都是需要评估的因素。其中,患者的肝功能评分(如Child-Pugh评分)和肿瘤负荷是影响治疗效果的重要因素。本中心常规在治疗前行吲哚菁绿(ICG)检查来测定患者的肝脏储备功能,检测肝脏清除时间。对于不适合外科手术或局部消融治疗的HCC患者,90Y放射性治疗被认为是一种有效的选择;而对于转移性肝癌患者,90Y治疗也显示出良好的效果。美国FDA批准的90Y治疗适应证包括不可切除的结直肠癌肝转移,尤其在肝脏为唯一转移部位的情况下。临床医师在选择90Y治疗时,需综合考虑患者的临床特征,以确保治疗的有效性和安全性[5]。
本中心完成的64例患者中,9例患者为结直肠癌肝转移,1例为肺恶性肿瘤肝转移,1例为胃恶性肿瘤肝转移,均取得了较为满意的疗效,且无严重不良反应。在转移性肝癌中,90Y治疗提供了一种局部控制肿瘤的手段,特别是在化疗效果不佳或患者无法耐受其他治疗方式的情况下。研究[6-7]表明,90Y治疗能够显著改善肝转移癌患者的生活质量,并延长生存期。
3.2 影像学与实验室指标
CT增强扫描、磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)动态增强联合弥散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)等影像学检查能够提供肿瘤的精确定位、大小及其与周围结构的关系,对制定治疗计划至关重要。本中心每例患者治疗前均需常规完善影像学检查,为准确勾画肿瘤及后续90Y治疗提供参考。同时,需完成肝脏及肿瘤三维模拟化重建,从而在术前精确计算肝脏体积、肿瘤体积并计算肿瘤与正常肝组织的核素摄取能力比(tumor to normal ratio,TNR)。此外,白蛋白-胆红素(albumin-bilirubin,ALBI)评分[8-9]、甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein,AFP)、甲胎蛋白异质体(alpha fetoprotein-L3,AFP-L3)等实验室指标和肿瘤标志物也为评估患者状态及肿瘤负荷提供了重要依据。通过综合分析影像学和实验室指标,临床医师可以更准确地评估患者是否适合接受90Y治疗,从而制定个性化的治疗方案,提高治疗成功率[10]。
3.3 99mTc-MAA灌注试验
99mTc-MAA灌注试验是90Y治疗前评估的重要组成部分。该试验通过注射MAA,评估肝脏的血流分布和肺部分流情况。肺分流百分数(lung shunt fraction,LSF)的评估至关重要。LSF是指肝脏血流中通过肺部的比例,这一指标在肝脏肿瘤患者中尤为重要,因为肝脏病变可能导致血流重分布,进而影响治疗效果。过高的LSF可能导致不必要的肺部辐射暴露,增加治疗风险。99mTc-MAA灌注试验可以评估LSF,有效预测90Y治疗后的肺部辐射剂量,从而优化治疗计划,并预测90Y治疗中可能出现的并发症[11]。研究[12-13]表明,99mTc-MAA灌注试验能够准确评估肝脏的灌注状态,并为后续的90Y治疗提供重要的指导依据。此外,该试验能够通过精确计算,确保肿瘤获得足够的治疗剂量,同时减少对正常肝组织的辐射损伤[14-15]。个性化的剂量分配策略能够显著提高治疗的疗效和患者的生存率[16-17]。本中心纳入的患者中,有1例患者因核素分装人员工作疏忽,锝液未加载MAA就送至导管室,输注后在行单光子发射计算机断层成像(single photon emission computed tomography,SPECT)时,患者的胃、双侧甲状腺等腺体均显影,导致干扰正常结果而推迟治疗,择期再次99mTc-MAA灌注试验后行90Y治疗。鉴于此,本中心加强审核制度,由双人运送99mTc-MAA至导管室,确保检查安全进行。
3.4 90Y治疗的安全性
90Y-SIRT的安全性较高。本组64例患者中,发生率较高的不良反应包括转氨酶升高、恶性、腹痛和呕吐,与既往报道[18]类似。恶心呕吐等消化道不良反应的原因,可能与靶病灶在肝左叶,90Y微球对病灶近距离照射时毗邻胃肠道有关,一般术后给予对症处理均可以缓解。99mTc-MAA灌注试验时排除LSF>20%的患者,有助于预防和控制放射性肺炎。对于不良反应的管理,临床上应根据患者的具体情况,及时进行监测和预处理。对于轻微不适给予对症支持治疗,以确保患者的生活质量。
3.5 研究局限性和展望
本研究存在一定局限性:(1)样本量较小,缺乏大规模的随机对照研究,结果的普适性有限。(2)90Y的剂量分割和个体化治疗方案借鉴国内大中心的经验,不同中心的治疗标准和实际剂量测算存在一定差异,可能影响精细化治疗的效果和安全性。本中心未来致力于建立采取相对一致的剂量计算方法,并通过多中心的大规模临床试验来验证其有效性和安全性。同时,探索90Y与其他治疗方法(如外放疗、免疫疗法、靶向治疗)的联合应用和对比研究,以进一步提高其治疗效果,延长患者的生存期。本中心90Y治疗项目的成功顺利开展,得益于医院领导负责制的多学科团队协作,包括核医学科、肝胆外科、介入放射科、中医科、感染性疾病科、肿瘤内科和影像科等多个学科。通过综合考虑患者的整体状况、肿瘤特性及治疗目标,制定个体化的剂量分割和具体治疗方案,显著提高了治疗效果和患者的生活质量。未来,建立更为完善的多学科合作机制,将是提升90Y治疗效果的重要方向,特别是在复杂病例的管理中,有助于制订更为精准和有效的治疗策略。
伦理声明 本研究获得潍坊市人民医院伦理委员会审批(KYLL20230127-7),并免除知情同意。本研究的设计和实施符合《赫尔辛基宣言》的伦理原则及相关法律法规的要求。
利益冲突 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
作者贡献 蔡佳、唐世伟、孔铭新:撰写文章;原晓峰、李文军、张海彬:数据收集和分析;李荣丽、丁洪燕、胡玉莹、刘瑞梅、朱晓燕:术后护理、数据核对;王冠武:撰写文章、修改文章。
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图 1 潍坊市人民医院90Y-SIRT流程
Figure 1. Treatment process of 90Y-SIRT at Weifang People’s Hospital
90Y-SIRT: Yttrium-90 resin microsphere selective internal radiation therapy; CT: computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; CBCT: cone beam computed tomography; TACE: transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; 99mTc-MAA: Technetium-99m-macroaggregated albumin; SPECT: single photon emission computed tomography; TNR: tumor to normal ratio; BSA: body surface area.
表 1 肝脏恶性肿瘤患者90Y-SIRT术后不良反应
Table 1 Adverse reactions after 90Y-SIRT in patients with malignant liver tumors
n(%) Adverse reaction Grading Total number 1 2 3 4-5 Nausea 17(26.56) 6(9.37) 0 0 23 Vomiting 11(17.18) 5(7.81) 1(1.56) 0 17 Fever 8(12.50) 3(4.68) 0 0 11 Diarrhea 3(4.68) 1(1.56) 0 0 4 Hypertension 3(4.68) 1(1.56) 0 0 4 Abdominal pain 12(18.75) 5(7.81) 1(1.56) 0 18 Fatigue 7(10.93) 1(1.56) 0 0 8 Increased ALT 26(40.62) 6(9.37) 0 0 32 Increased AST 27(42.18) 7(10.93) 0 0 34 Reflective pneumonia 0 0 0 0 0 90Y-SIRT: Yttrium-90 resin microsphere selective internal radiation therapy; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase. -
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