Abstract: Cognitive impairment is a kind of senile disease that leads to the decline of personality and behavior ability of the elderly, which seriously affects the quality of daily life of patients. The prevalence rate of the disease increases year by year with the acceleration of the aging process of the society, and its incidence is affected by many risk factors.At this stage, the curative effect for middle and advanced patients is poor. So early identification and intervention to delay the progression of cognitive impairment have become the focus of relevant research. Blood pressure variability can lead to damage of target organs such as heart, brain tissue and kidney, which is closely related to cognitive impairment. In order to expand a new perspective of early intervention in cognitive impairment, this paper reviews the effects of blood pressure variability on different cognitive impairment and its possible pathogenic mechanism.