Research progress on structural domain modification of the Fc segment of antibody drugs

Antibodies are the main protective substance produced in the organism in response to the invasion of foreign substances, and are important molecules to protect the organism. By modifying the Fc segment of the antibody, the half-life of the antibody can be effectively extended, and the dosage can be reduced greatly; and the function of Fc-segment-mediated antibody effectors can also be up-regulated or down-regulated according to the specificity of the disease to maximize the therapeutic effect. Antibodies with only Fc fragments also have the ability to bind antigens. In order to reduce the size of antibody molecules and greatly reduce the limitation of antibody molecular weight, it provides a new direction for the development of antibody drugs. Furthermore, in addition to anti-tumor effects, antibody molecules also play an important role in the field of anti-infection. By engineering the Fc region of anti-infection neutralizing antibodies, it can effectively promote protective cellular immune effects, enhance anti-viral activity and prolong the half-life. This review summarizes the functional properties and optimization strategies of the Fc structural domain, and discusses the biological effects mediated by the optimal modification of the Fc structural domain and its application and development in clinical therapy.