Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related endocrine adverse events

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is a new type of anti-tumor drugs that produce anti-tumor effects by enhancing the anti-tumor immune response, and have shown significant efficacy in the treatment of various malignant tumors. Due to the specific targets and mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitors, they can cause autoimmune and inflammatory effects, known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). With the wide application of ICIs, irAEs are attracting more and more attention. Among them, endocrine-related adverse events (thyroid dysfunction, hypophysitis, and adrenal insufficiency, etc.) are hidden at the onset, which is difficult to be found, leading to treatment delay, often bringing serious adverse consequences and even endangering patients' lives. This article summarizes the previous literature and reviews the incidence, possible pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of ICIs-related endocrined adverse events.