2. 上海市口腔医院正畸科,上海 200001
2. Department of Orthodontic, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Shanghai 200001, China
骨性Ⅱ类错
矢状引导型互阻式矫形技术(sagittal-guided twin block,SGTB)矫治器为前导式双
选择2018年9月至2021年7月于上海市闵行区牙病防治所接受SGTB矫治器进行Ⅰ期矫治的生长发育高峰期后骨性Ⅱ类下颌后缩患者31例,因患者个人原因终止治疗8例,最终完成Ⅰ期矫治患者23例。23例患者中,男性10例、女性13例,年龄14~17(15.5±0.7)岁。本研究经医院伦理委员会审批,编号为[2020]0013;所有患者及家属均签署知情同意书。
纳入标准:(1)青春生长发育高峰期后(X线头颅侧位图像示颈椎分期为CS4~6期)[8];(2)恒牙列期,双侧尖牙及第一磨牙均为远中关系;(3)前牙唇倾,覆
充分告知并获取知情同意后,所有患者均采用SGTB矫治器(上海美冠达牙科技术有限公司)开展Ⅰ期矫治。该矫治器上颌部分是从双侧第一前磨牙延伸至后牙牙冠的固定包绕式
由同一专业操作人员用Sirona全景机在矫治前与矫治后对患者进行X线头颅侧位拍摄,并应用Dolphin 11.95软件进行描图和指标测量。每次测量间隔1周,测量3次,取平均值。(1)硬组织指标:下颌平面角(MP-FH)、Y轴角(SGn-FH)、面角(NP-FH)、SNA、SNB、ANB、上中切牙-前颅底平面角(U1-SN)、下中切牙-下颌平面角(L1-MP)、上下中切牙角(U1-L1)、上面高(N-ANS)、下面高(ANS-Me)、S-Co、下颌长(Co-Po;表 1、图 1A);(2)软组织指标:面型角(FCA)、鼻唇角(NLA)、上唇突度(ULP)、下唇突度(LLP)、上唇长(ULL)、下唇长(LLL)、颏部长度(LL-Pos)、颏唇沟深度(Si-LLPos;表 2、图 1B);(3)上气道指标:鼻咽(PNS-Adl、PNS-UPW)、腭咽(SPP-SPPW、U-MPW)、舌咽(TB-TPPW;表 3、图 1C)。
指标 | 释义 |
MP-FH | 下颌平面和眼耳平面相交而成的角 |
SGn-FH | 眼耳平面同颏顶点和蝶鞍中心连线的交角 |
NP-FH | 面平面同眼耳平面相交之后下角 |
SNA | 上牙槽座点-鼻根点连线与鼻根点-蝶鞍中心连线形成的角 |
SNB | 下牙槽座点-鼻根点连线与鼻根点-蝶鞍中心连线形成的角 |
ANB | 下牙槽座点-鼻根点连线与鼻根点-上牙槽座点连线形成的角 |
U1-SN | 上颌中切牙长轴与前颅底平面相交之下内角 |
L1-MP | 下颌中切牙长轴与下颌平面相交之上内角 |
U1-L1 | 上颌中切牙长轴与下颌中切牙长轴相交而成的角 |
N-ANS | 鼻根点与前鼻棘点之间的距离 |
ANS-Me | 前鼻棘点与颏下点之间的距离 |
S-Co | 髁突后部切线与蝶鞍中心至眼耳平面上垂线之间的距离 |
Co-Po | 髁突后切线与颏前点切线在下颌平面上垂线之间的距离 |
指标 | 释义 |
FCA | 鼻下点-额点连线与颏前点-鼻下点连线相交形成的角 |
NLA | 鼻小柱点-鼻下点连线与上唇突点-鼻下点连线形成的角 |
ULP | 上唇突点与鼻下点-软组织颏前点连线之间的距离 |
LLP | 下唇突点与鼻下点-软组织颏前点连线之间的距离 |
ULL | 鼻下点、上口点至鼻下点-软组织颏前点连线垂线间的距离 |
LLL | 软组织颏下点、下口点至鼻下点-软组织颏前点连线垂线间距离 |
LL-Pos | 下唇突点至软组织颏前点的距离 |
Si-LLPos | 颏唇沟点至下唇突点-软组织颏前点连线之间的距离 |
指标 | 释义 |
PNS-Adl | 后鼻棘点(PNS)至颅底点(Ba)-蝶鞍点(S)连线的垂线与咽后壁交点(Adl)与PNS间的距离 |
PNS-UPW | PNS-Ba连线与咽后壁的交点(UPW)与PNS间的距离 |
SPP-SPPW | 软腭中心点至咽后壁垂线与软腭后缘的交点(SPP),与此垂线与咽后壁交点(SPPW)间的距离 |
U-MPW | 悬雍垂尖点(U)与其至咽后壁垂线垂足点(MPW)间的距离 |
TB-TPPW | 下颌角点(Go)-下牙槽座点(B)连线与舌根部的交点(TB)与该连线延长线与咽后壁交点(TPPW)间的距离 |
采用SPSS 21.0对矫治前后数据进行统计学分析,X线头影测量数据服从正态分布、方差齐,对患者矫治前后数据进行配对t检验,检验水准(α)为0.05。
2 结果 2.1 硬组织的变化Ⅰ期治疗周期平均为(10.0±1.4)个月。结果(表 4)显示:矫治后MP-FH、SGn-FH、NP-FH、SNB、L1-MP、ANS-Me增大(P<0.05),ANB、U1-L1、S-Co减小(P<0.01),SNA、U1-SN、N-ANS、Co-Po变化不明显,即下颌骨位置向前、向下移位,发生顺时针旋转,且下前牙唇倾度增加,而上颌骨与上切牙位置无明显变化。
n=23 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
指标 | 矫治前(T0) | 矫治后(T1) | 差值(T1-T0) | t值 | P值 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
MP-FH/° | 26.70±1.49 | 28.48±1.93 | 1.78±0.71 | 12.072 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
SGn-FH/° | 64.40±3.43 | 64.72±3.44 | 0.32±0.64 | 2.410 | 0.025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
NP-FH/° | 23.20±2.06 | 24.30±2.79 | 1.10±1.61 | 3.286 | 0.003 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
SNA/° | 80.71±0.81 | 80.51±0.91 | ﹣0.20±0.49 | ﹣1.969 | 0.062 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
SNB/° | 74.37±1.35 | 76.97±1.08 | 2.60±1.41 | 8.869 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
ANB/° | 6.39±0.90 | 3.54±1.08 | ﹣2.85±1.37 | ﹣9.985 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
U1-SN/° | 120.08±6.03 | 120.05±6.05 | ﹣0.03±0.19 | ﹣0.752 | 0.460 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
L1-MP/° | 95.34±3.19 | 95.92±3.36 | 0.58±0.86 | 3.243 | 0.004 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
U1-L1/° | 115.28±5.02 | 114.67±4.69 | ﹣0.62±1.03 | ﹣2.865 | 0.009 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
N-ANS/mm | 53.12±2.32 | 53.10±2.19 | ﹣0.01±0.41 | ﹣0.152 | 0.881 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
ANS-Me/mm | 58.05±3.74 | 60.10±3.38 | 2.06±1.61 | 6.115 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
S-Co/mm | 20.31±2.43 | 19.80±2.43 | ﹣0.51±0.86 | ﹣2.854 | 0.009 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Co-Po/mm | 108.98±6.70 | 109.31±6.73 | 0.03±0.17 | 0.877 | 0.390 |
结果(表 5)显示:矫治后LLP、LLL、LL-Pos增大(P<0.01),FCA、ULP、Si-LLPos减小(P<0.05),NLA、ULL变化不明显,即下颌软组织发生前下移位,使颏部前伸、颏唇沟变浅、面下高度增加。
n=23 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
指标 | 矫治前(T0) | 矫治后(T1) | 差值(T1-T0) | t值 | P值 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
FCA/° | 15.53±2.99 | 14.77±2.60 | ﹣0.75±1.58 | ﹣2.284 | 0.032 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
NLA/° | 95.13±6.43 | 95.05±6.53 | ﹣0.08±0.37 | ﹣1.060 | 0.301 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
ULP/mm | 13.55±3.30 | 13.02±3.40 | ﹣0.53±0.90 | ﹣2.812 | 0.010 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
LLP/mm | 5.39±2.02 | 6.08±2.17 | 0.70±1.08 | 3.098 | 0.005 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
ULL/mm | 16.27±1.16 | 15.89±1.16 | ﹣0.38±0.93 | ﹣1.958 | 0.063 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
LLL/mm | 28.00±2.79 | 29.96±2.40 | 1.96±2.72 | 3.460 | 0.002 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
LL-Pos/mm | 30.02±2.73 | 31.96±2.31 | 1.93±2.70 | 3.437 | 0.002 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Si-LLPos/mm | 4.58±0.81 | 4.27±0.90 | ﹣0.32±0.60 | ﹣2.528 | 0.019 |
结果(表 6)显示:矫治后SPP-SPPW、U-MPW、TB-TPPW增加(P<0.01),PNS-Adl、PNS-UPW变化不明显,即腭咽与舌咽部气道明显扩张,而鼻咽部气道无明显变化。
n=23,mm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
指标 | 矫治前(T0) | 矫治后(T1) | 差值(T1-T0) | t值 | P值 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
PNS-Adl | 23.02±2.14 | 23.04±2.10 | 0.01±0.18 | 0.349 | 0.730 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
PNS-UPW | 24.20±2.44 | 24.18±2.45 | ﹣0.02±0.15 | ﹣0.706 | 0.487 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
SPP-SPPW | 10.67±1.72 | 11.18±1.63 | 0.51±0.64 | 3.863 | 0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
U-MPW | 10.23±2.60 | 10.66±2.58 | 0.42±0.68 | 2.973 | 0.007 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
TB-TPPW | 10.82±1.74 | 11.50±1.83 | 0.68±0.30 | 10.822 | <0.001 |
下颌后缩是骨性Ⅱ类错
对于生长发育高峰期(颈椎分期为CS2~3期)下颌后缩患者,通常采用功能性矫治器进行治疗,通过持续佩戴下颌前导式功能性矫治器,使下颌被迫处于持续的前伸状态,改变颌面咀嚼肌功能,从而改善上下颌骨关系、促进颅面生长发育,实现对青少年及儿童错
生长发育高峰期后一般指进入生长发育减速期,颈椎骨生长龄预测处于CS4~6期[8]。有研究[17]认为,下颌骨的生长发育可持续到20岁。因此,此阶段患者仍有一定的生长发育潜力,且能在有效时间内获得较好的矫治效果。Zaghi等[18]对伴有下颌后缩的成年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患者进行下颌前导治疗,发现2年后其下颌骨长度有小幅度增长。国内研究[19]报道,对于伴有咬合干扰的生长发育高峰期后期安氏Ⅱ类1分类错
本研究显示,治疗后患者SNB增大,ANB与S-Co减小,Co-Po、SNA、U1-SN、N-ANS无明显变化,提示下颌位置在矢状向发生前移,下颌骨与上颌骨、颅骨的位置关系得以协调,下颌后缩侧貌得以改善。本研究中,治疗后MP-FH、SGn-FH、NP-FH、ANS-Me增大,提示在矫治过程中,施加的向前下方的力量引起下颌骨的顺时针旋转,这种旋转效应结合下颌切牙的唇倾改善了深覆
骨性Ⅱ类下颌后缩常伴有舌体小、舌骨下移、口咽腔容积小等,进而引起上气道狭窄[22-23],因此在矫治过程中还需关注上气道改变。有研究[24-25]发现,伴有夜间打鼾症状的儿童与青少年骨性Ⅱ类下颌后缩患者经前导式功能性矫治器治疗后,口咽、鼻咽及喉咽部容积增加。本研究中,鼻咽部指标PNS-Adl、PNS-UPW变化不明显,原因可能在于鼻咽部气道有较多骨性结构包绕,而生长发育高峰期后患者鼻咽部周围骨性结构渐固定。本研究中,腭咽部指标SPP-SPPW、U-MPW与舌咽部指标TB-TPPW治疗后增加,提示下颌骨位置明显前移,带动相关肌肉前移,达到扩张上气道效果。
综上所述,对于生长发育高峰期后骨性Ⅱ类下颌后缩患者,SGTB矫治器可有效改善颜面美观及上气道狭窄问题。但由于本研究纳入样本量较少,且主要关注患者在接受前导式双
利益冲突:所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
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