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   中国临床医学  2023, Vol. 30 Issue (3): 541-546      DOI: 10.12025/j.issn.1008-6358.2023.20220744
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经静脉超声造影在钝性腹部创伤患者中的应用进展
刘潇宇 , 许珊 , 秦开秀     
重庆医科大学附属第二医院急诊科,重庆 400064
摘要:创伤是全球面临的一个重大公共卫生问题,为及时救治创伤患者、降低其死亡率,早期诊断至关重要。然而,在腹部创伤,尤其是钝性腹部创伤患者中普遍存在早期诊断困难。基于微泡造影剂无肾毒性、无辐射、可重复使用等优点,超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound, CEUS)技术在国内外已广泛应用于钝性腹部创伤患者的早期诊断。在血流动力学稳定的患者中,非手术治疗(non-operation management, NOM)是安全有效的,具有减少手术并发症、降低死亡率等优点,已成为目前腹部钝性创伤患者的标准治疗方法,而CEUS在NOM患者病情监测中具有很高的应用价值。本文就近年来CEUS在钝性腹部创伤患者的早期诊断以及在该类接受NOM患者中的监测价值进行综述。
关键词钝性腹部创伤    超声造影    非手术治疗    
Application progress of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in patients with blunt abdominal trauma
LIU Xiao-yu , XU Shan , QIN Kai-xiu     
Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400064, China
Abstract: Trauma is a major public health issue in the world health care system. In order to treat the trauma patients in time and reduce their motality, early diagnosis is important. However, early diagnosis is difficult in abdominal trauma patients, especially in patients with blunt abdominal trauma. Nowadays, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been widely used in the early diagnosis of blunt abdominal trauma at home and abroad with the advantages of non-renal toxicity, non-radiation and repeatability of microbubble contrast medium. Among trauma patients with stable hemodynamics, non-operative management (NOM) has become one of the standard treatment methods on account of its superiorities such as reducing operation-related complications and mortality, and CEUS has high application value during the procedure of NOM. This article reviews the early diagnosis of blunt abdominal trauma with CEUS and its application in the monitoring and follow-up in NOM patients in recent years.
Key words: blunt abdominal trauma    contrast-enhanced ultrasound    non-operative management    

创伤是全球面临的普遍问题,目前在我国疾病死亡谱中位居第4,是青壮年死亡的首要原因[1]。腹部是仅次于头部和四肢的第3常见损伤部位,而钝性损伤是腹部创伤中最常见的类型[2],非手术治疗(non-operation management NOM)已经成为其主要治疗方式。但是,在钝性腹部创伤救治过程中普遍存在早期诊断困难的问题,且在NOM过程中缺乏安全有效的监测及评估手段。随着二代超声造影剂(微泡)的问世,超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound, CEUS)技术被广泛用于临床。诸多研究[3-6]表明,CEUS能在损伤早期高效准确地识别钝性腹部创伤患者的损伤部位,并在NOM监测和随访过程中发挥重要作用。本文就近年来CEUS的相关内容进行综述。

1 CEUS

超声造影剂(ultrasound contrast agents, UCA)的研究和应用可以追溯到1968年[7]。随着二代UCA的问世,CEUS技术在临床中的应用越来越普遍。与第1代UCA相比,第2代UCA由稳定外壳包围的以惰性气体为微球核心的微泡(1~7 mm)组成,其所含气体通常为分子量高、溶解度低、饱和度低、扩散度低的氟烷气体,在体内循环中更为稳定[8]。作为一种血管池造影剂,主要由肺及肝脏进行代谢(微泡空化后惰性气体通过肺部呼出,壳膜由肝脏代谢),不通过肾脏排泄,因此无明显肾毒性[9]

2 CEUS在钝性腹部创伤患者早期诊断中的应用

大量研究[10-12]表明,CEUS是一种安全、便捷、无创、可重复的新成像技术,与增强CT相比,CEUS具有无肾毒性及无辐射性的优势。目前已被广泛应用于肿瘤疾病的诊断[13-15]。近年来,CEUS对实质脏器损伤的早期诊断作用已经得到证实。研究[3-6, 9]表明,CEUS能够准确检测脏器损伤的部位、范围以及与包膜和血管的关系。超声造影国际指南[16]推荐其可用于钝性腹部创伤的评估。

2.1 肝脏

肝脏是腹部最大的实质性脏器,在外力的作用下易损伤,发生率超过20%[17]。肝脏通过肝动脉与门静脉双重供血,可以在CEUS动脉期(注射微泡后10~40 s)、门静脉期(注射微泡后40~120 s)及晚期(注射微泡后120~300 s)等多种时相观察肝脏损伤[6, 9],其中门静脉期可能更易识别[5]。Zhang等[18]对9项创伤相关腹部脏器损伤的研究进行meta分析,以CT平扫作为参考,发现CEUS识别肝脏损伤的灵敏度最高,为0.941(95%CI 0.784~0.986);假阳性率最低,为0.011(95%CI 0.004~0.035)。Trinci等[6]在一项小样本研究(n=7)中发现,CEUS与增强CT诊断肝脏损伤的灵敏度均为100%,此结果与Miele等[5]在2016年的回顾性研究一致。所以,CEUS识别肝脏损伤的灵敏度高,未来可大范围应用于此类患者的早期诊断,从而改善患者预后。

2.2 脾脏

脾脏是仅次于肝脏的易受损腹部器官[19],在轻微外力作用下即可发生损伤,并对患者生命造成巨大威胁,尤其是儿童[6]。由于脾脏位置浅、实质均匀、血管密度高、增强效果持久,CEUS被广泛用于脾脏损伤患者的诊断[20]。注射微泡后40~60 s的静脉期,是检测脾脏损伤最可靠的阶段[6, 19]。Sessa等[21]发现,CEUS可准确识别出97.1%(34/35)的脾脏损伤,1例假阴性的原因在于脾脏损伤范围较小(< 1 cm),从而出现漏诊;另一项类似研究[22]发现,CEUS可以识别100%(26/26)的脾脏损伤,且灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值(PPV)、阴性预测值(NPV)和准确度均很高。但Zhang等[18]的meta分析发现,CEUS诊断脾脏损伤的灵敏度较低,假阳性率较高。可能的原因:(1)脾脏的评估受到肋骨的干扰;(2)注射的微泡在脾静脉的迅速衰减会被误认为是撕裂伤。未来可以行大样本、前瞻性研究来进一步证实CEUS在脾脏损伤中的灵敏度及特异度,从而为脾脏损伤的早期诊断提供可靠的依据。

2.3 肾脏

80%~90%的肾损伤是由钝性外伤引起的,统称为创伤相关性肾损伤[23]。由于CEUS无肾毒性,比CT增强造影更适用于肾脏损伤患者,注射造影剂后肾皮质迅速增强,150 s左右是评估肾实质损伤的最佳时间[8]。李华等[24]提出将肾脏超声造影期分为肾实质增强期(包括皮质增强期、髓质增强期)和肾实质消退期,时相分期可以使临床医生更好地观察肾实质损伤的动态灌注。Regine等[25]发现,CEUS能够识别100%(28/28)的肾实质病变(肾周或腹膜后血肿);多项研究[5, 18, 25]表明,CEUS评估肾脏的灵敏度仅次于肝脏。因此,对怀疑存在肾脏损伤的腹部钝性创伤患者可进行CEUS检查,以提高早期诊断率并减少继发性肾损伤。

2.4 胰腺

胰腺创伤并不常见,在钝性创伤中仅占1%~2%,但其同时累及主动脉、肠系膜上动脉或上腔静脉时,死亡率高达80%,所以早期诊断和治疗至关重要[5, 26]。注射UCA后30~120 s的静脉期为最佳观察时间窗[9]。2019年WSES-AAST(World Society of Emergency Surgery and American Association for the Surgery of Trauma)指南[27]提出,CEUS对疑似胰腺损伤的患者可能具有一定的诊断价值。LÜ等[28]回顾性分析22例钝性胰腺外伤病例,CEUS识别出21例(95.5%),但该研究在CEUS检查前或检查后行增强CT作为参考标准,无法确定CEUS的阳性结果是否受到增强CT的影响,因此,CEUS对胰腺损伤的诊断准确性需要进一步研究验证。然而,Miele等[5]认为,UCA作为血管内示踪剂,可以更好地评估胰腺和胰周微循环灌注,可能提高其在胰腺外伤筛查中的作用。由于胰腺损伤机会小,目前关于CEUS在其损伤识别中的报道较少,尚无研究明确提出CEUS诊断胰腺损伤的灵敏度及特异度,后续可能需要进一步研究来证实CEUS在胰腺损伤的诊断价值。

2.5 其他

CEUS可以观察到微泡的外渗从而发现血管损伤[3];但微泡不经胆道系统排泄,故不能用来诊断胆管损伤[3];受到肠道气体的干扰,CEUS也无法检测到肠道或肠系膜损伤相关表现[18]。另外,CEUS对于腹腔实质性脏器活动性出血的诊断率较低,Sessa等[21]利用CEUS仅识别出60%(6/10)的活动性出血,灵敏度低的原因可能是活动性出血导致的造影剂外溢与正常脏器的实质灌注均可出现造影剂增强,当增强程度相似时,难以鉴别出血征象与实质灌注表现,容易导致漏诊[29]。微泡造影剂不通过肾脏排泄[3, 5, 21],可能无法检测到集合系统的病变,因此CEUS在泌尿系统评估方面有一定局限性。肾脏创伤WSES-AAST指南[30]提出CEUS尚未广泛用于泌尿道损伤患者的诊断,如果怀疑有泌尿道损伤,增强CT仍是金标准[5, 30]

3 CEUS在钝性腹部创伤NOM患者随访监测中的应用 3.1 NOM的临床应用

钝性腹部创伤患者的血流动力学状态决定其后续治疗方案。血流动力学不稳定的患者,应尽快接受手术治疗;而血流动力学稳定的钝性腹部创伤患者,标准治疗方案从过去的手术治疗更新为NOM[31]。与接受手术的患者相比,NOM相关并发症发生率、治疗后死亡率以及治疗成本均显著降低[6, 31-32],而NOM成功的关键除了患者病情严重程度以及血流动力学状态[33-34],更重要的是严密监测患者病情变化[35-36],必要时转换为手术治疗,降低患者死亡率[37]

3.2 CEUS的优势以及局限性

增强CT作为NOM监测过程中的经典检查手段,能可靠地评估器官损伤和相关血管并发症,例如假性动脉瘤、动静脉瘘等,但存在费用高、反复检查容易出现造影剂相关急性肾损伤(contrast-associated acute kidney injury, CA-AKI)[38-39]等问题。在肾功能正常患者中,CA-AKI的发生率为10%,在有基础疾病的人群中高达50%[40],严重者影响患者预后。而CEUS与增强CT在评估脏器损伤及血管并发症方面具有同等优势,并具有经济成本低、无肾毒性、快速、方便、可床旁操作、无电离辐射等优点,可以在NOM随访中反复、多次进行以动态监测病情变化,使得其在创伤患者尤其是孕妇以及小儿的创伤患者NOM监测中更具优势[3, 5, 18]

目前已有多项研究[3, 37, 41-42]证实,在NOM患者中使用CEUS随访(follow-up CEUS, FU-CEUS)具有一定优势。在一项87例脾脏损伤患者的NOM监测研究[37]中,有4例在FU-CEUS过程中出现了血流动力学不稳定,经过血管栓塞后仍出现血红蛋白持续性下降,及时转为手术治疗,所有患者均好转出院,随访成功率为100%。同样,另一项研究[3]显示:46例钝性腹部创伤接受NOM患者接受FU-CEUS后,均未进行手术治疗,全部患者均好转出院。所以,在NOM治疗过程中及时、动态进行FU-CEUS能有效保障钝性腹部创伤患者的安全。CEUS存在一定的局限性,包括检测准确性与病变位置密切相关、需要专用软件的扫描仪、对操作员技术要求高等。因此,是否可代替增强CT成为随访中的金标准仍需进一步研究。

3.3 CEUS随访时机

关于FU-CEUS的时机,目前没有明确的专家共识以及指南推荐。Di等[3]收集46例钝性腹部创伤儿童(包括单个脏器的损伤以及多发伤)进行回顾性研究,认为FU-CEUS的时机应分别在入院后72 h、创伤后5~10 d以及创伤后20~30 d进行,入院后72 h内进行FU-CEUS的目的为评估有无实质脏器延迟破裂出血,后2次进行CEUS则为明确损伤愈合程度从而评估是否符合出院指征。Tagliati等[32]认为钝性脾外伤患者CEUS监测随访的时机应在创伤后1 d、3 d、8 d、15 d、30 d、60 d、90 d和180 d进行连续检查直至脾脏恢复解剖结构。Durkin等[43]收集101例肝、脾损伤儿童的数据并进行回顾性分析,认为在受伤后5~10 d应常规进行1次CEUS以明确是否存在创伤后肝脾假性动脉瘤,明确诊断为假性动脉瘤的患者需要后续每周进行1次CEUS明确是否破裂,并评估是否需要转变为手术治疗。研究发现,在随访中有17例患儿出现假性动脉瘤(14例为肝脏假性动脉瘤,3例为脾脏假性动脉瘤),对14例有症状(即存在腹痛加重、血红蛋白下降、血流动力学不稳定)的患者立即进行栓塞术,无症状患者则继续CEUS监测直至确认假性动脉瘤消失。该团队认为,无假性动脉瘤形成患者也需定期行CEUS。但Letton等[44]认为,为避免过度诊疗,CEUS的监测随访不应在无假性动脉瘤患者中进行。

FU-CEUS的时机尚未形成共识的原因可能在于:(1)创伤患者病情多变,应根据创伤分级以及临床症状,而不应该在固定时间进行随访;(2)每个受损脏器结构恢复的时间不同,随访时间也不尽相同;(3)不同的研究设计方案存在差异。

综上所述,CEUS被认为是一项安全有效的影像学手段,在钝性腹部创伤患者的早期诊断和治疗随访中发挥重要作用,有望成为钝性腹部创伤患者的主要评估方式之一。但目前CEUS仍存在一定的局限性,可能需要联合影像学检查进一步提高CEUS识别钝性腹部创伤的能力。关于CEUS随访时机,可能需要开展大样本量、多中心研究来进一步达成共识。另外,除了目前使用的微泡造影剂,纳米级超声造影剂是国内外研究热点,具有靶向性更强、生物相容性更稳定等优点,有望应用于腹部创伤患者的诊断以及随访。

利益冲突:   所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

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文章信息

引用本文
刘潇宇, 许珊, 秦开秀. 经静脉超声造影在钝性腹部创伤患者中的应用进展[J]. 中国临床医学, 2023, 30(3): 541-546.
LIU Xiao-yu, XU Shan, QIN Kai-xiu. Application progress of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in patients with blunt abdominal trauma[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2023, 30(3): 541-546.
通信作者(Corresponding authors).
秦开秀,Tel:023-63693138, E-mail:300694@hospital.cqmu.edu.cn.
基金项目
重庆市科卫联合医学科研项目(2021MSXM162)
Foundation item
Supported by Science and Health Medical Research Project of Chongqing(2021MSXM162)

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