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   中国临床医学  2022, Vol. 29 Issue (4): 633-637      DOI: 10.12025/j.issn.1008-6358.2022.20211737
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孕产妇静脉血栓栓塞症相关风险因素分析
沈吉子1 , 王瀚2 , 刘晨雾1 , 徐明娟1     
1. 海军军医大学长海医院妇产科,上海 200433;
2. 海军军医大学东方肝胆医院病理科,上海 200433
摘要目的: 探讨孕产妇发生静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism,VTE)的相关危险因素。方法: 选择长海医院2010至2020年收治的38例VTE孕产妇作为观察组(VTE组),同时随机选取同期该院199例未发生VTE的孕产妇作为对照组(非VTE组),进行回顾性病例对照研究。比较两组患者的高危因素、Caprini评分及《上海市产科静脉血栓栓塞症防治的专家共识》(简称上海共识)中孕产妇静脉血栓栓塞风险因素评分(简称孕产妇VTE评分)、相关实验室指标,分析孕产妇VTE发生的相关危险因素。结果: 产褥期VTE发生率更高(65.79%,25/38),以下肢深静脉血栓形成发生率最高(44.74%,17/38),其次为颅内静脉血栓形成(34.21%,13/38)。其中2例死亡原因为广泛颅内静脉血栓形成伴脑梗死出血转化,1例为晚期乳腺癌并发肺栓塞形成。VTE组与非VTE组间VTE评分差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。单因素logistic回归分析显示,剖宫产、孕产妇VTE评分、血红蛋白、血小板计数、D-二聚体、凝血酶原时间、活化部分凝血酶原时间与孕产妇VTE的发生相关(P<0.01)。多因素回归分析显示,孕产妇VTE评分、D-二聚体、凝血酶原时间、活化部分凝血酶原时间、血红蛋白为孕产妇发生VTE的独立影响因素(P<0.01)。结论: 上海共识孕产妇VTE评分、D-二聚体、凝血酶原时间、活化部分凝血酶原时间、血红蛋白可用于预测孕产妇发生VTE的风险;孕产妇VTE评分对预测孕产妇VTE的发生有重要临床意义。
关键词静脉血栓栓塞    孕产妇    危险因素    评估    预防    上海共识    
Analysis of risk factors related to venous thromboembolism in the pregnancy and puerperium
SHEN Ji-zi1 , WANG Han2 , LIU Chen-wu1 , XU Ming-juan1     
1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
2. Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
Abstract: Objective: To explore the risk factors of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the pregnancy and puerperium. Methods: A total of 38 pregnant women and puerperae diagnosed VTE in Changhai Hospital from 2010 to 2020 were recruited as the VTE group, and 199 pregnant women and puerperae without VTE at the same time in Changhai Hospital were randomly selected as the control group. A retrospective study was conducted in the two groups. The high-risk factors, Caprini score and VTE risk factor score from "Shanghai consensus on comprehensive prevention and treatment of obstetric venous thromboembolism" (Shanghai consensus) and laboratory indicators between the two groups were compared, and the risk factors of VTE were analyzed. Results: The incidence of VTE in the puerperium (65.79%, 25/38) and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (44.74%, 17/38) was higher, followed by cerebral venous thrombosis (34.21%, 13/38). Two patients died of widely cerebral venous thrombosis with cerebral infarction and hemorrhagic transformation, and another one patient died of advanced breast cancer combinded with pulmonary embolism. There was significantly statistical difference in the VTE score between the two groups (P=0.001). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that cesarean section, VTE score, hemoglobin, platelet count, D-dimer, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time were associated with the occurrence of VTE (P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that VTE score, D-dimer, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time, and hemoglobin were independent factors of VTE in the pregnancy and puerperium (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The VTE score of pregnancy and the puerperium from the Shanghai consensus, D-dimer, prothrombin time, and activated partial prothrombin time, and hemoglobin could be used to predict VTE in the pregnancy and puerperium, and the VTE score has important clinical significance for the prevention of VTE in the pregnancy and puerperium.
Key words: venous thromboembolism    pregnant women and puerperae    risk factor    assessment    prevention    Shanghai consensus    

静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism,VTE)包括肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)和深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT),是导致孕产妇死亡的重要原因之一。DVT以下肢深静脉血栓形成(lower extremity deep venous thrombosis,LDVT)最常见,其余包括颅内静脉血栓形成(cerebral venous thrombosis,CVT)、肝静脉血栓形成、门静脉血栓形成、上肢深静脉血栓形成。

全球孕产妇VTE的发生率为0.1%~0.2%;VTE是全球尤其是发达国家孕产妇死亡的主要原因之一[1]。我国因VTE死亡的孕产妇比例也呈逐年增长趋势[2]。国内既往无统一的孕产妇VTE评分标准,于2020年出台了关于孕产妇静脉血栓预防和诊治的专家共识[3]。早预防、早诊断、早治疗是降低VTE相关孕产妇死亡的主要措施。本研究通过回顾分析近10年在海军军医大学长海医院就诊的VTE孕产妇的相关临床病理资料,探讨孕产妇发生VTE的危险因素及上述共识中孕产妇VTE评分评估价值,以期为孕产妇VTE的早发现、早预防提供参考。

1 资料与方法 1.1 研究对象

回顾性收集2010年1月1日至2020年12月31日海军军医大学长海医院收治的38例发生VTE(VTE组)和199例未发生VTE(非VTE组)的孕产妇的临床资料,病例匹配1∶5。VTE诊断标准参考《中国颅内静脉血栓形成诊断和治疗指南2019》[4]、2018年《肺血栓栓塞症诊治与预防指南》[5]、2018年《中国血栓性疾病防治指南》[6]、美国胸科医师协会抗栓治疗及血栓预防指南第9版(ACCP-9)[7]

1.2 研究方法

根据文献及国内外专家共识,收集可能导致VTE的高危因素(年龄、孕次、产次、既往血栓史、体质量指数、孕期手术、早产、死胎、自然受孕、剖宫产、多胎妊娠、妊娠合并子痫前期、妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠剧吐、妊娠合并内科疾病)资料、住院期间的实验室指标[血红蛋白、血小板计数、D-二聚体、凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、纤维蛋白原、活化部分凝血酶原时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)]。对所有孕产妇采用Caprini评分表及《上海市产科静脉血栓栓塞症防治的专家共识》[3]中孕产妇VTE评分表评估孕产妇发生VTE的风险。

1.3 统计学处理

采用SPSS 24.0软件行统计学分析。计量资料符合正态分布时以x±s表示,不符合正态分布时以MP25P75)表示,组间比较采用两独立样本t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料以n(%)表示,组间比较采用卡方检验。VTE相关风险因素采用二元logistic回归分析,将单因素分析中P<0.1的因素纳入二元logistic回归多因素分析,采用向后条件法构建多因素模型。检验水准(α)为0.05。

2 结果 2.1 VTE孕产妇基线资料

38例VTE孕产妇中,孕期13例(34.21%)、产褥期25例(65.79%);单纯LDVT 17例(44.74%)、单纯CVT 13例(34.21%)、单纯PE 2例(5.26%),LDVT合并PE 4例(10.53%)、LDVT合并CVT 1例(2.63%)、LDVT合并PE及CVT 1例(2.63%)。38例以下肢肿胀(18例,47.37%)为主要临床表现,其次为神经系统症状(如抽搐、头痛、对答不切题;14例,36.84%),胸闷、胸痛5例(13.16%),腹股沟疼痛1例(2.63%)。死亡3例,其中2例为广泛CVT伴脑梗死出血转化、1例为妊娠合并晚期乳腺癌并发PE,家属均要求回当地治疗,经电话随访证实于孕产期死亡。

2.2 两组VTE相关风险因素比较

结果(表 1)显示:两组剖宫产率、孕产妇VTE评分、血红蛋白、血小板计数、D-二聚体、PT、APTT差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

表 1 VTE孕产妇的基本临床特征
临床特征 VTE组(n=38) 非VTE组(n=199) z/x2 P
年龄/岁 29.00(20.00, 42.00) 31.00(16.00, 46.00) -1.233 0.218
孕产次
  孕次 1.00(1.00, 6.00) 2.00(1.00, 5.00) -1.351 0.177
  产次 1.00(0, 4.00) 1.00(0, 3.00) -1.814 0.070
既往血栓史n(%) 1 (2.63) 1(0.50) 0.016 0.053
体质量指数/(kg·m-2) 23.70(18.03, 36.00) 24.22(16.94, 27.29) -1.054 0.292
妊娠期情况n(%)
  自然受孕 35(92.11) 185(92.96) 0.690 0.691
  多胎妊娠 1(2.63) 2(1.01) 0.062 0.094
  孕期手术 3(7.89) 10(5.03) 0.187 0.198
妊娠结局n(%)
  剖宫产 25(65.79) 84(42.21) 0.003 0.004
  早产 2(5.26) 15(7.54) 0.619 0.621
  死胎 1(2.63) 0 0.022 1.000
妊娠期并发症n(%)
  子痫前期 2(5.26) 2(1.01) 0.062 0.094
  妊娠期糖尿病 5(13.16) 34(17.09) 0.550 0.551
  妊娠剧吐 1(2.63) 0 0.022 1.000
产后出血 1(2.63) 0 0.022 1.000
Caprini评分 2.00(1.00, 5.00) 2.00(1.00, 5.00) -0.696 0.487
内科合并症n(%) 1(2.63) 5(2.51) 0.966 0.966
孕产妇VTE评分 1.00(0, 5.00) 1.00(0, 5.00) -3.268 0.001
实验室指标
  血红蛋白/(g·L-1) 115.00(84.00, 146.00) 111.00(59.00, 145.00) -2.063 0.039
  血小板计数/(×109·L-1) 216.00(51.00, 433.00) 189.00(42.00, 377.00) -2.613 0.009
  D-二聚体/(μg·mL-1) 3.20(0.23, 16.00) 1.52(0, 15.04) -3.707 <0.001
  凝血酶原时间/s 13.80(11.70, 26.10) 12.70(11.00, 15.50) -4.870 <0.001
  纤维蛋白原/(mg·L-1) 4.54(1.71, 14.70) 4.42(2.40, 8.70) -0.193 0.847
  活化部分凝血酶原时间/s 37.20(30.10, 51.00) 33.10(5.5, 45.60) -4.585 <0.001
2.3 logistic回归分析

结果(表 2)显示:单因素分析示剖宫产、孕产妇VTE评分、血红蛋白、血小板计数、D-二聚体、PT、APTT与孕产妇VTE的发生相关(P<0.01);既往血栓史、多胎妊娠、子痫前期可能与孕产妇VTE的发生相关(P<0.1)。多因素分析显示,孕产妇VTE评分、D-二聚体、PT、APTT、血红蛋白为孕产妇发生VTE的独立影响因素(P<0.01)。

表 2 孕产妇发生VTE相关风险因素的logistic回归分析
变量 单因素分析 多因素分析
OR(95%CI) P OR(95%CI) P
剖宫产(是vs否) 2.966(1.416~6.215) 0.004
既往血栓史(是vs否) 11.000(0.972~124.521) 0.053
多胎妊娠(是vs否) 5.472(0.747~40.108) 0.094
子痫前期(是vs否) 5.472(0.747~40.108) 0.094
孕产妇VTE评分 1.729(1.298~2.304) <0.001 2.388(1.587~3.594) <0.001
血红蛋白 1.036(1.006~1.066) 0.016 1.067(1.021~1.115) 0.004
血小板计数 1.007(1.002~1.012) 0.009
凝血酶原时间 2.905(1.882~4.484) <0.001 2.429(1.405~4.200) 0.001
D-二聚体 1.331(1.170~1.514) <0.001 1.498(1.235~1.817) <0.001
活化部分凝血酶原时间 1.333(1.207~1.472) <0.001 1.256(1.110~1.420) <0.001
3 讨论 3.1 孕产妇VTE发生情况

妊娠妇女存在天然的“virchow三角”,即血栓形成的3个要素:血流瘀滞、血管壁损伤(或内皮损伤)、高凝状态。妊娠期血栓风险升高5~10倍,产后血栓风险升高20倍[8]。在美国,孕产妇CVT的发生率为0.01%~0.04%[9]。我国目前关于孕产期相关CVT的研究有限,多为小样本研究或个案报道。产褥期妇女VTE的发病率为妊娠期妇女的5~5.5倍[10-11]。本研究证实,孕产妇在产褥期VTE的发生率较孕期更高;发病部位以下肢居多,其次为颅内。一项国外多中心研究[12]报道,产褥期CVT患者占18.3%,妊娠期占9.5%;另有研究[13]表明,73%的CVT发生于产后。妊娠是女性脑卒中的独立危险因素[14]。妊娠期及产褥期发生CVT者的死亡率为10%~50%[15]。本研究3例死亡患者中,2例为CVT。

3.2 孕产妇VTE相关风险因素

高血压、感染、高胱氨酸血症,以及剖宫产、频繁呕吐、年龄较大等为孕产妇发生CVT的高危因素,且剖宫产更易导致CVT[16]。国外文献[17]显示,剖宫产术后VTE发生风险是阴道分娩的4倍,独立于其他VTE风险因素,行急诊剖宫产者VTE发生风险更高。我国大样本数据[2]也表明,VTE的危险因素中,以剖宫产引起孕产妇VTE的占比最高。本研究logistic回归分析显示,剖宫产为孕产妇发生VTE的独立危险因素。故临床上应警惕孕产妇VTE,严格把握剖宫产指征,进而降低孕产妇VTE的发生率。

本研究中,D-二聚体、PT、APTT为孕产妇发生VTE的独立危险因素。因D-二聚体在妊娠、癌症、炎症、创伤等多种情况下会升高,特异性较差,国内外指南多不推荐将D-二聚体应用于孕产妇VTE筛查及诊断[18-19]。但国内外研究[20-21]均表明,产妇产后48 h血中D-二聚体的浓度下降至分娩前水平,但仍偏高,且PT、APTT均延长者应警惕VTE的发生。必要时结合CT、血管造影、磁共振等检查确诊,并明确病变部位,同时,治疗过程中监测D-二聚体水平。

3.3 专科VTE评分表的应用价值

DVT多起病隐匿,仅10%~17%的患者有明显的临床症状,易发生漏诊或误诊[6]。孕产妇发生CVT后多病情危重,死亡率高,因此预防较治疗更重要。欧洲血管外科学会指南不推荐对孕产妇使用Wells评分[18]。但国内孕产妇发生VTE的高危因素不同于西方国家,国内孕产妇发生VTE的遗传因素少,而高龄、卧床保胎、剖宫产术等的影响明显,因此国外指南标准并不一定完全适用于我国人群[22]。我国既往无统一的孕产妇VTE风险评估表,在2020年及2021年分别发表了《上海市产科静脉血栓栓塞症防治的专家共识》[7]及《妊娠期及产褥期静脉血栓栓塞症预防和诊治专家共识》[19]。Caprini评分表中无妊娠相关风险因素,因此对孕产妇VTE预防意义不大。本研究中,两组Caprini评分差异无统计学意义;而上海共识中孕产妇VTE评分是孕产妇发生VTE的独立影响因素,提示该VTE评分对预测孕产妇VTE更有临床意义。

上海共识作为国内首个专科孕产妇VTE防治共识,其孕产妇VTE评分表给予风险因素一定分值,从产前因素、临时因素和产后因素对孕产妇进行动态评估,根据评分划分风险等级指导药物预防及治疗,而且该表设计简单、方便易行。对于VTE评分评估为高危或极高危孕产妇,应使用低分子肝素。

但是,即使是孕产妇VTE评分评估为低危者仍有可能发生VTE。由于VTE的早期临床表现非特异,临床诊断困难,且多数患者在产褥期发病。因此,需对孕产妇进行健康宣教,一旦出现下肢肿胀、疼痛,或抽搐、头痛、胸闷、胸痛、呼吸困难等症状应及时就诊,必要时请相关科室医师协助诊治,以减少严重并发症的发生。

综上所述,孕产妇发生VTE的危险因素较复杂,降低孕产妇VTE的发生率及死亡率的关键在预防,通过健康宣教、减少剖宫产,积极应用VTE评分对各阶段孕产妇进行专科VTE评估,早预防、早发现VTE。一旦发生VTE,建议孕产妇积极就诊及治疗。

利益冲突:所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

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引用本文
沈吉子, 王瀚, 刘晨雾, 徐明娟. 孕产妇静脉血栓栓塞症相关风险因素分析[J]. 中国临床医学, 2022, 29(4): 633-637.
SHEN Ji-zi, WANG Han, LIU Chen-wu, XU Ming-juan. Analysis of risk factors related to venous thromboembolism in the pregnancy and puerperium[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2022, 29(4): 633-637.
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徐明娟, Tel: 021-31162044,E-mail:13636373419@163.com.

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