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   中国临床医学  2022, Vol. 29 Issue (3): 426-430      DOI: 10.12025/j.issn.1008-6358.2022.20212188
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维生素D对Graves病Th17/Treg细胞失衡的调节作用
史良凤1 , 苏怡倩1 , 王传杰2     
1. 复旦大学附属金山医院内分泌科, 上海 201508;
2. 复旦大学附属金山医院康复医学科, 上海 201508
摘要目的: 探讨维生素D对Graves病(Graves’ disease,GD)患者Th17/Treg失衡的调节作用。方法: 收集2020年1月至12月复旦大学附属金山医院收治的30例GD患者和30例健康体检者。采用电化学发光免疫法测定2组人群25-羟维生素D水平,将GD患者外周血平均分为2份,根据是否予以维生素D干预分为GD未干预组和GD干预组。比较GD未干预组、GD干预组及对照组外周血中Th17、Treg细胞的占比及Th17/Treg比值。结果: GD患者血清25-羟维生素D[(20.55±6.69)ng/mL]明显低于对照组[(25.48±6.12)ng/mL,P=0.004]。GD未干预组、GD干预组及对照组外周血的Th17细胞占比分别为(0.299±0.191)%、(0.263±0.176)%、(0.054±0.017)%,两GD组外周血Th17细胞占比均高于对照组(P < 0.001),两GD组外周血Th17细胞水平差异无统计学意义。3组外周血Treg细胞占比分别为(0.029±0.013)%、(0.040±0.019)%、(0.037±0.017)%;两GD组外周血Treg细胞占比与对照组差异无统计学意义,GD干预组外周血Treg细胞占比较GD未干预组升高(P=0.019)。3组研究对象的Th17/Treg细胞比值分别为14.97±8.90、8.08±5.37、1.64±0.67,两GD组外周血Th17/Treg细胞比值明显高于对照组(P < 0.001),GD干预组外周血Th17/Treg细胞比值较GD未干预组外周血下降(P < 0.001)。结论: GD患者血清维生素D水平缺乏严重;外周血Th17细胞明显增多,存在Th17/Treg失衡,而25-羟维生素D能上调GD患者Treg细胞,进而调节Th17/Treg细胞失衡。
关键词维生素D    Graves病    Th17细胞    Treg细胞    
Regulating effect of vitamin D on Th17/Treg cell imbalance in patients with Graves' disease
SHI Liang-feng1 , SU Yi-qian1 , WANG Chuan-jie2     
1. Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China;
2. Department of Rehabilitation, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
Abstract: Objective: To explore the regulating effect of vitamin D on Th17/Treg cell imbalance in patients with Graves' disease. Methods: Thirty patients with GD and thirty healthy controls in Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University from January to December 2020 were collected.The levels of 25-OH vitamin D in the two groups were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay.The peripheral blood of GD patients was divided into two parts on average as vitamin D non-intervention group and vitamin D intervention group.The percentages of Th17 and Treg cells and Th17/Treg ratio in peripheral blood in GD non-intervention group, GD intervention group and control group were compared. Results: Serum 25-OH vitamin D ([20.55±6.69] ng/mL) in GD patients was significantly lower than that in healthy control group ([25.48±6.12] ng/mL, P=0.004).The percentage of Th17 cells in peripheral blood in GD non-intervention group, GD intervention group, and control group were (0.299±0.191)%, (0.263±0.176)%, (0.054±0.017)%, respectively. The percentages of Th17 cells in peripheral blood in two GD groups were significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the level of Th17 cells in peripheral blood between he two GD groups.The percentage of Treg cells in peripheral blood in the three groups were (0.029±0.013)%, (0.040±0.019)% and (0.037±0.017)%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the percentage of Treg cells in peripheral blood between the two GD groups and the control group. The percentage of Treg cells in GD intervention group was higher than that in GD non-intervention group (P=0.019). The Th17/Treg cell ratio in the three groups were 14.97±8.90, 8.08±5.37, 1.64±0.67, respectively. The ratio of Th17/Treg cells in peripheral blood in the two GD groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.001).The ratio of Th17/Treg cells in peripheral blood of GD intervention group was lower than that in the GD non- intervention group (P < 0.001). Conclusions: For initial GD patients, the serum vitamin D level is seriously deficient, Th17 cell in peripheral blood increases, and Th17/Treg cell is imbalance. Vitamin D plays an important role for up-regulating of Treg cells and regulating Th17/Treg cell imbalance in GD patients.
Key words: vitamin D    Graves' disease    Th17 cell    Treg cell    

维生素D是一种甾体类化合物,在人体正常生理过程中起重要作用,可以调节钙和磷酸盐代谢,维持骨骼健康[1]。维生素D又被称为免疫调节激素,在不同的非骨骼途径中发挥特殊作用,而血清25-羟维生素D水平低与多种免疫相关疾病的发生相关[2-3]

Graves病(Graves’ disease,GD)是一种自身免疫性疾病,发病机制较复杂,细胞免疫和体液免疫均参与其中[4]。既往研究[5]证实,CD4+Th2细胞能诱导促甲状腺激素(TSH)受体结合抗体的产生,是导致GD发生发展的一个重要免疫因素。而Th17和Treg细胞是近年发现的CD4+Th细胞新亚型,Th17/Treg细胞比例失衡可导致免疫紊乱及免疫疾病的发生[6]。有研究[7]发现维生素D可抑制Th17细胞增殖,而甲状腺细胞核内存在维生素D受体,且GD患者存在较严重的维生素D缺乏[8]。因此,本研究探讨初发GD患者进行外周血1, 25-二羟维生素D干预后,Th17、Treg细胞占比及两者比值的变化,为临床GD的进一步诊治提供参考。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

收集2020年1月至2020年12月复旦大学附属金山医院收治的新发GD患者30例,选择同期于我院进行健康体检且年龄、性别相匹配的健康者30例为对照组。纳入标准:(1)有甲状腺毒症临床表现;(2)血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺激素(FT4)升高,TSH下降;(3)甲状腺弥漫性肿大;(4)促甲状腺激素受体抗体(TRAb)阳性。排除标准:(1)年龄小于18岁或大于70岁;(2)伴有系统性结缔组织或其他自身免疫性疾病(如1型糖尿病、白癜风、系统性红斑狼疮、类风湿性关节炎、干燥综合征、强直性脊柱炎等);(3)有肺部疾病、肝肾功能不全、冠心病等慢性疾病;(4)就诊前3个月内应用抗甲状腺药物、含维生素D的药物或保健品以及其他特殊药物(如胺碘酮、免疫抑制或调节药物)。本研究通过复旦大学附属金山医院伦理委员会批准(JIEC2021-S33),所有研究对象均签署知情同意书。

1.2 临床观察指标

采集所有的研究对象清晨空腹外周血,应用电化学发光免疫法测定FT4、FT3、TSH、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb)、TRAb和25-羟维生素D。

1.3 外周血单核细胞(PBMC)维生素D干预

留取GD患者和对照组EDTA抗凝管的空腹外周血,制备PBMC。将每例GD患者PBMC分为2份:一份不予以维生素D干预(GD未干预组);另一份PBMC中加入1, 25-二羟维生素D3(罗氏公司;10~(-7) mol/L[9-10],100 μL)干预48 h(GD干预组)。对GD未干预组、干预后的GD干预组及对照组PBMC进行CD4+IL-17(Th17细胞)和CD4+Foxp3(Treg细胞)染色,采用Beckman Gallios流式细胞仪进行检测,采用Kaluza Analysis 2.1软件分析检测结果。

1.4 统计学处理

采用SPSS 20.0软件进行分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验或配对t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,多组间两两比较采用Tukey方法;非正态分布的计量资料以M(P25, P75)表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料以n(%)表示,采用Fisher确切概率法。检验水准(α)为0.05。

2 结果 2.1 一般资料分析

结果(表 1)显示:GD组和对照组年龄、性别差异无统计学意义。GD组血清TSH明显低于对照组(P<0.001),FT3、FT4、TPOAb、TRAb高于对照组(P<0.001),TgAb与对照组差异无统计学意义。2组均存在维生素D不足(25-羟维生素D<30 ng/mL),其中GD组更低,与对照组差异有统计学意义(P=0.004)。

表 1 GD组和对照组一般资料比较
指标 GD组(n=30) 对照组(n=30) t/z P
年龄/岁 40.30±10.50 37.47±8.12 1.17 0.247
男性n(%) 11(36.67) 8(26.67) 0.580
FT3/(pmol·L-1) 20.79±8.23 4.29±0.54 10.96 <0.001
FT4/(pmol·L-1) 58.72±24.36 17.47±1.92 9.25 <0.001
TSH/(mU·L-1) <0.01 2.32±1.05 -12.09 <0.001
TPOAb/(U·mL-1) 65.51(15.21, 133.93) 17.05(9.85, 24.73) -3.81 <0.001
TgAb/(U·mL-1) 99.61(13.00, 181.53) 43.50(25.50, 66.00) -1.07 0.287
TRAb/(U·L-1) 14.87(15.01, 19.45) 0.70(0.41, 0.96) -6.65 <0.001
25-羟维生素D/(ng·mL-1) 20.55±6.69 25.48±6.12 -2.98 0.004
FT3:游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸;FT4:游离甲状腺激素;TSH:促甲状腺激素;TPOAb: 甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体;TgAb: 甲状腺球蛋白抗体;TRAb:促甲状腺激素受体抗体。
2.2 外周血Th17细胞占比

结果(表 2图 1)显示:GD未干预组、GD干预组、对照组研究对象间外周血Th17细胞占比差异有统计学意义(F=32.708,P<0.001)。GD未干预组与干预组外周血Th17细胞占比均高于对照组(P<0.001);GD干预组与未干预组外周血Th17细胞占比差异无统计学意义(P=0.515)。

表 2 3组研究对象外周血Th17、Treg细胞水平以及Th17/Treg比值比较 
n=30
指标 对照组 GD未干预组 GD干预组
Th17/% 0.054±0.017 0.299±0.191** 0.263±0.176**
Treg/% 0.037±0.017 0.029±0.013 0.040±0.019△△
Th17/Treg 1.64±0.67 14.97±8.90** 8.08±5.37**△
**P<0.001与对照组比较;P<0.05,△△P<0.001与未干预组比较。
图 1 流式细胞仪检测外周血CD4+IL-17(Th17细胞)占比 A:GD未干预组;B:GD干预组;C:对照组。
2.3 外周血Treg细胞占比

结果(表 2图 2)显示:GD未干预组、GD干预组、对照组外周血Treg细胞占比差异有统计学意义(F=4.050,P=0.021)。GD干预组外周血Treg细胞占比较GD未干预组高(P=0.019),两GD组与对照组外周血Treg细胞占比差异无统计学意义(GD未干预组:P=0.125;GD干预组:P=0.711)。

图 2 流式细胞仪检测外周血CD4+Foxp3(Treg细胞)占比 A:GD未干预组;B:GD干预组;C:对照组。
2.4 Th17/Treg细胞比值

结果(表 2)显示:GD未干预组、GD干预组、对照组外周血Th17/Treg细胞比值差异有统计学意义(F=36.893,P<0.001)。两GD组外周血Th17/Treg细胞失衡比值均高于对照组(P<0.001);GD干预组外周血Th17/Treg细胞比值较GD未干预组降低(P<0.001)。

3 讨论

维生素D是一种类固醇激素,在维持血清钙、磷水平方面起重要作用[11]。维生素D缺乏目前已成为一个全球性公共健康卫生问题,在健康人群中发生率很高[12]。本研究中健康人群也存在血清维生素D不足,而GD患者维生素D缺乏较健康者更明显(P=0.004),与既往相关研究[13-15]结论一致。

维生素D参与细胞生长、分化和机体免疫功能的调节。研究[16]表明,甲状腺滤泡细胞中存在维生素D受体,1, 25-二羟维生素D与其结合后通过基因表达调控影响相应蛋白质的合成。1, 25-二羟维生素D在免疫系统中主要作用于抗原提呈细胞(APC)和T细胞,可直接作用于T细胞,抑制抗原特异性T细胞的增殖和细胞因子的产生[17]。目前多项研究[18-19]认为,Th17/Treg细胞失衡是GD发生、发展的重要作用机制之一。已有研究[20]发现,血清维生素D能使Th2细胞活性增强,并使Th1细胞活性减弱。近期有关非甲状腺自身免疫疾病的研究[7]发现,维生素D能通过抑制Th1/Th17细胞而增强Treg细胞的活性。而补充维生素D可以改善自身免疫性甲状腺疾病患者的甲状腺功能及相关抗体水平[21]。此外,国内最新研究[22]发现,在溃疡性结肠炎患者中,维生素D受体表达与Th17/Treg细胞失衡密切相关。

本研究通过流式细胞学分析发现,GD未干预组外周血Th17细胞占比较健康人明显升高(P<0.001),虽然2组外周血Treg细胞占比差异无统计学意义,但Th17/Treg细胞比值差异明显(P<0.001)。而加入1, 25-二羟维生素D后,外周血Treg细胞占比上调以及外周血Th17/Treg细胞比值明显下调(P<0.05),与上述研究结论相符。

GD患者由于甲状腺激素水平升高,骨吸收加速、破骨细胞活性增强,常存在钙、磷负平衡,但多数患者发病早期血钙、磷水平正常[23]。本研究对象为新发GD患者,病程相对短,患者未接受血清钙、磷水平常规检测,因此,本研究未纳入血清钙、磷水平,这是本研究的局限性之一。本研究对照组PBMC未给予1, 25-二羟维生素D干预,后续须进行优化,以进一步探讨维生素D对Th17/Treg细胞的调节作用及免疫调节机制。此外,由于试验条件限制,本研究未分析临床治疗上补充维生素D后,患者体内Th17/Treg细胞的变化。

综上所述,本研究发现初发GD患者血清维生素D水平较健康人下降更明显,外周血Th17细胞明显增多,存在Th17/Treg细胞平衡破坏,而给予维生素D可改善初发GD患者外周血Treg细胞占比及调节Th17/Treg细胞失衡。

利益冲突:所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

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文章信息

引用本文
史良凤, 苏怡倩, 王传杰. 维生素D对Graves病Th17/Treg细胞失衡的调节作用[J]. 中国临床医学, 2022, 29(3): 426-430.
SHI Liang-feng, SU Yi-qian, WANG Chuan-jie. Regulating effect of vitamin D on Th17/Treg cell imbalance in patients with Graves' disease[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2022, 29(3): 426-430.
通信作者(Corresponding authors).
王传杰, Tel: 021-57039491, E-mail: wajk2001@126.com.
基金项目
上海市金山区科学技术创新资金(2018-3-03)
Foundation item
Supported by Innovation Funds of Jinshan District Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai (2018-3-03)

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